Tag: Engineering

B.Tech after 12th | Career in Engineering

August 4, 2022
/ Leave a Comment on B.Tech after 12th | Career in Engineering

3 min
1 year
482 words
1

Tagged B.E., B.tech, career, Career Counselling, Engineer

B.Tech after 12th | Career in Engineering

B.E. (Bachelors in Engineering) and B.Tech (Bachelors in Technology) are the two 4-year undergraduate engineering programmes one can apply to after completing class 12th.

Keywords – B.Tech, Engeenering, Engineer, IIT, AIEEE, JEE-Mains

Career counselling program by Edumound

Written By – Nikhat Parveen

Edumound presents session with Mr. Vansh Agrawal, Student, Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, in respect to career in Engineering.

With the extensive knowledge on the subject and skills we look forward to getting educated on the growing scope of Engineering in India.

Engineering is the use of science and maths to design or make things. People who do engineering are called ‘Engineers’. They learn engineering at a college or university. Engineers usually design or build things. Some engineers also use their skills to solve technical problems.

As Mr. Vansh mentions that the journey of engineering begins with Class 11th and 12th by opting Science stream.

Which entrance exams can one appear for B.Tech?

JEE entrance exam is one of the top engineering entrance exams in India. There are many other entrance exams for example COMEDK, KIITEE, VITEEE, WBJEEetc.

VITEEE is conducted by the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT).

Career in Engineering

Consortium of Medical Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka (COMEDK) conducts COMEDK.

West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination (WBJEE) is a state-level examination conducted by West Bengal.

Now JEE is conducting exams in many regional languages so the language would not be the barrier.

Which is the focus subject?

Along with Physics, Mathematics is also a very important subject to make a career as an engineer for its use in Physics. In many cases, engineers optimise by varying the parameters in a physics-based model. Mathematics is one tool in taking engineering to the edge of economic and technical performance. This article on How to study engineering after 12 can be your guide to making a successful career as an engineer.

B.Tech, B.E. Program Details

B.E. (Bachelors in Engineering) and B.Tech (Bachelors in Technology) are the two 4-year undergraduate engineering programmes one can apply to after completing class 12th. Many colleges/universities of India offer B.Tech and B.E programmes in various disciplines.

To get admission into IITs, one would require to clear the next level of JEE, i.e JEE Advanced. Some of the top institutes providing programmes in engineering are mentioned below. After the entrance exam is held, various counselling sessions are conducted for candidates who have cleared the entrance exam for admissions to various UG programmes.

Divisions in Engeneering

Mr. Vansh also guided us about the various Branches that Engineering consists of : Aerospace/aeronautical engineering, Chemical engineering, Civil engineering, Electrical/electronic engineering, Mechanical engineering, Engineering management.

The right mind set is simply curiosity about the subject, a desire to spend all of your time thinking about the subject, and tenacity in the face of struggle with hard concepts. This really holds for any subject in which you want to do well.

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What is Minimum Spanning Tree? | Algorithms

Computer Science

February 7, 2022
/ Leave a Comment on What is Minimum Spanning Tree? | Algorithms

3 min
2 years
456 words
1
25

Tagged btech, Computer Science, Engineering, minimum spanning tree, spanning tree

What is Minimum Spanning Tree? | Algorithms

minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree which has minimum total cost. A spanning tree is a sub graph that is a tree and joined all vertices.

Author: Zeba Ali

Table of Contents :

Before knowing about the Minimum Spanning Tree , We must know about spanning tree.

A Spanning Tree is a connected undirected graph, a spanning tree is a sub graph that is a tree and joined all vertices. A single graph can have many spanning trees.

Example:-

Minimum Spanning Tree

Minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree which has minimum total cost.

How to calculate minimum cost spanning tree?

We can calculate it by using two algorithms:-

Prim’s Algorithm
Kruskal Algorithm

Kruskal’s Algorithm

It is a Greedy Algorithm. The Greedy Choice is to put the smallest weight edge first that does not form a cycle in the MST constructed so far.

Find the Minimum Spanning Tree of the following graph using Kruskal’s algorithm

here are 9 vertices and 12 edges. So MST formed (9-1) = 8 edges

Step1: So, first take (h, g) edge

Step -2: then (g, f) edge.

Step-3: then (a, b) and (i, g) edges are considered, and the forest becomes

Step 4: Now, edge (h, i). Both h and i vertices are in the same set. Thus it creates a cycle. So this edge is discarded.

Then edge (c, d), (b, c), (a, h), (d, e), (e, f) are considered, and the forest becomes.

Step 5: In (e, f) edge both endpoints e and f exist in the same tree so discarded this edge. Then (b, h) edge, it also creates a cycle.

Step 6: After that edge (d, f) and the final spanning tree is shown as in dark lines.

Step 7: This step will be required Minimum Spanning Tree because it contains all the 9 vertices and (9 – 1) = 8 edges

e → f, b → h, d → f [cycle will be formed]

Minimum Cost MST

Prim’s Algorithm

It is a greedy algorithm. It starts with an empty spanning tree. The idea is to maintain two sets of vertices:

Contain vertices already included in MST.
Contain vertices not yet included.

Find the minimum cost spanning tree for the following graph using Prim’s algorithm.

In Prim’s algorithm, first we initialize the priority Queue Q. to contain all the vertices and the key of each vertex to ∞ except for the root, whose key is set to 0. Suppose 0 vertex is the root, i.e., r. By EXTRACT – MIN (Q) procure, now u = r and Adj [u] = {5, 1}.Prime Ministers of India | List of Prime Minister of India (1947-2020)

Removing u from set Q and adds it to set V – Q of vertices in the tree. Now, update the key and π fields of every vertex v adjacent to u but not in a tree.

Taking 0 as starting vertex
Root = 0
Adj [0] = 5, 1
Parent, π [5] = 0 and π [1] = 0
Key [5] = ∞ and key [1] = ∞
w [0, 5) = 10 and w (0,1) = 28
w (u, v) < key [5] , w (u, v) < key [1]
Key [5] = 10 and key [1] = 28
So update key value of 5 and 1 is:

Now by EXTRACT_MIN (Q) Removes 5 because key [5] = 10 which is minimum so u = 5.

Adj [5] = {0, 4} and 0 is already in heap
Taking 4, key [4] = ∞ π [4] = 5
(u, v) < key [v] then key [4] = 25
w (5,4) = 25
w (5,4) < key [4]
date key value and parent of 4.

Now remove 4 because key [4] = 25 which is minimum, so u =4

Adj [4] = {6, 3}
Key [3] = ∞ key [6] = ∞
w(4,3) = 22 w (4,6) = 24
w (u, v) < key [v] w (u, v) < key [v]
w (4,3) < key [3] w (4,6) < key [6]

Update key value of key [3] as 22 and key [6] as 24.

And the parent of 3, 6 as 4.

π[3]= 4 π[6]= 4

u = EXTRACT_MIN (3, 6) [key [3] < key [6]]
u = 3 i.e. 22 < 24

Now remove 3 because key [3] = 22 is minimum so u =3.

Adj [3] = {4, 6, 2}
4 is already in heap
4 ≠ Q key [6] = 24 now becomes key [6] = 18
Key [2] = ∞ key [6] = 24
w (3, 2) = 12 w (3, 6) = 18
w (3, 2) < key [2] w (3, 6) < key [6]

Now in Q, key [2] = 12, key [6] = 18, key [1] = 28 and parent of 2 and 6 is 3.

π [2] = 3 π[6]=3

Now by EXTRACT_MIN (Q) Removes 2, because key [2] = 12 is minimum.

u = EXTRACT_MIN (2, 6)
u = 2 [key [2] < key [6]]
12 < 18
Now the root is 2
Adj [2] = {3, 1}
3 is already in a heap
Taking 1, key [1] = 28
w (2,1) = 16
w (2,1) < key [1]

So update key value of key [1] as 16 and its parent as 2.

π[1]= 2

Now by EXTRACT_MIN (Q) Removes 1 because key [1] = 16 is minimum.

Adj [1] = {0, 6, 2}
0 and 2 are already in heap.
Taking 6, key [6] = 18
w [1, 6] = 14
w [1, 6] < key [6]

Update key value of 6 as 14 and its parent as 1.

Π [6] = 1

Now all the vertices have been spanned, Using above the table we get Minimum Spanning Tree.

0 → 5 → 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 6
[Because Π [5] = 0, Π [4] = 5, Π [3] = 4, Π [2] = 3, Π [1] =2, Π [6] =1]

Thus the final spanning Tree is

Total Cost = 10 + 25 + 22 + 12 + 16 + 14 = 99

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This write-up was edited by Tanya.

Recombinant DNA Technology – Betterment of the Society

Article / Medical

October 30, 2021
/ Leave a Comment on Recombinant DNA Technology – Betterment of the Society

6 min
2 years
1,072 word

Tagged DNA, Engineering, RDT, Recombinant, Society

Recombinant DNA Technology – Betterment of the Society

Recombinant is something formed by combining existing elements in a new combination. So, Recombinant DNA (RDT) referring to an organism created in the lab by adding DNA from another species. If we consider History then in 1973 this technique is successfully done by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen showing that genetically engineered DNA molecules may be cloned in foreign cells.

Author: Neha Sharma

Recombinant is something formed by combining existing elements in a new combination. So, Recombinant DNA (RDT) refers to an organism created in the lab by adding DNA from another species. If we consider History then in 1973 this technique is successfully done by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen showing that genetically engineered DNA molecules may be cloned in foreign cells. With the help of this technique first, the transgenic mouse was developed in 1981 followed by Humulin production which was approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 1982. In 1986, the first Recombinant vaccine for Hepatitis B (Recombivax HB) was approved for human use.

Some Discoveries with the use of RDT

In 1994, flavor- Savr was approved by FDA which is a genetically modified tomato with increased Shelf Life.
In 1997, Dolly Sheep cloning by IAN WILMUT.
Recombinant Vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus received FDA approved 2010.
The first synthetic cell was created at J. Craiq Venter institute and a Nobel prize was awarded for in vitro-fertilization

There are many ethical issues regarding RDT like the source of a gene is a major issue for society to accept, organ trafficking, and animal Harm Causing.

Basic Steps involved in RDT

Selection of Desired Gene from Genome or mRNA or cDNA.
Selection of suitable vector DNA ( Origin of replication, Multiple Cloning Sites, Selectable gene marker)
Insertion of Gene of Interest into Vectors ( cloning and expression vector)
Insertion of R-DNA host cells and selection is done by the selectable marker.

Restriction Enzymes used in RDT

Restriction enzymes are endonucleases that recognize specific base-pair sequences called palindromic Sequences that cleave DNA. Every restriction enzyme has 3 submits Specification/ Recognition Subunit, Endonucleases Subunit, and Modification Subunit.

Restriction enzymes are present in Bacteria. These enzymes are a part of RMS, where an endonuclease cleaves the specific DNA whereas the modification Subunit methylases A/C residues, which can then not be recognized by the endonuclease. This is the way bacteria protect their DNA from being cleaved. There are 3 types of Restriction Enzymes out of which Restriction Enzyme II is used.

Genetic Engineering

Manipulation Genetic material is done by using Recombinant DNA technology. Transgenesis may be defined as the introduction of exogenous (foreign) DNA into the genome such as stably maintained inheritable manner. Genetically engineered and transgenic organisms are used interchangeably. A genetically modified organism means genetic material altered through Recombinant DNA Technology.

Humulin (Recombinant Insulin)

First insulin is isolated from the pancreas of Dead bodies but the yield is very low and leads to high cost. Isolation from pigs, Sheep, and Cows when given to humans it leads to the development of immune response against it and also has a low yield. Then ultimately Recombinant Insulin is developed. Insulin contains three chains A, B, and C. These 3 chains are separately cloned in E.coli and then isolated and treated with proteolytic enzyme and A, B chain joined and insulin formed. This method of insulin production leads to high yield, low cost, easy production and gives no immune response when given to humans

Production of Herbicide Tolerance Plants

Weeds are plants that grow around the crop plants and compete with the crop plants in terms of nutrition, light, and water.

Example: Striga

The most common method to get rid of weeds is to use chemical herbicides like roundup which is chemically glyphosate. Glyphosate kills the plants by inhibiting the action of chloroplast enzyme (EPSP Synthase) but these herbicides kill crop plants as well as thereby limiting its use. Genetic Engineering has been used to insert the glyphosate resistance gene in crop plants making them resistant to the herbicide. The gene can be inserted either by using Ti plasmid or by using microprojectile Bombardment.

Production of Insect Resistance Plants

Bt cotton was licensed in India in 2002. Another common biotic stress that commonly harms crop plants is insects. These are overcome by the use of synthetic pesticides which have severe effects on human health and the environment by the application of genetic engineering.

A gene called as cry gene or Bt gene was isolated from the bacteria Bacillus thuringenesis and inserted into the crop plants. The product of this gene is harmful only to insect pests and not to other useful insects like butterflies and Silkworms. Transgenic crops with the Bt gene have been developing for several crops like cabbage, tomato, potato, brinjal, cotton, papaya, etc. The most notable example is Bt cotton which has the cry1ac gene which is a resistant insect Bollworm and it was commercialized and adopted in India in 2002.

Production of Virus Resistance Plants

In this strategy, the genes affecting the production of Viral Protein Coat are used to develop resistance against Viruses. Virus Derived resistance has given promising results in several crop plants including tobacco, tomato, potato, Alfa alfa, cucumber, and papaya. A viral-resistant crop plant that is resistant to the papaya ringspot virus has been commercialized in some countries like Hawaii. Example: TMV

Improving the Seed Protein Quality

The nutritional value of cereals and legumes are limited because of deficiency of essential amino acid. For example, Cereals are deficient in lysine whereas pulses are deficient in Methionine and tryptophan

To improve the seed quality following two genetic engineering approaches have been used:

A transgene whose protein contains sulphur rich amino acid was introduced in pea plants under the control of a seed-specific promoter. The pea plant is normally deficient in Methionine and cysteine but rich in Glycine.
The endogenous gene is modified in such a way to increase the essential amino acid like lysine in the seed protein of cereal.

Suppression of Endogenous gene

Fruit ripening is controlled by a gas hormone referred to as ethylene. Therefore it can be reduced by blocking ethylene production. This is done by introducing the ethylene-forming gene in such a way that it will suppress its expression in plants. This is called feedback inhibition.

Thus these crops will ripen very slowly. This helps in the export of crops to long distances without spoilage by increasing shelf life. Example: Flavr Savr was commercialized in the US.

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